Echinacia
One
of the most popular herbs in America today is the Native American
medicinal plant known as echinacea. The herb is named for
the prickly scales in its large conical seed head, which resemble
the spines of an angry hedgehog (echinos is Greek for
hedgehog).
Echinacea
was a traditional remedy of the Native American Indians in
the Great Plains, where it grows wild. The Cheyenne, Comanche,
and other tribes used it for many ailments, including toothaches,
sore throats, tonsillitis, coughs, and blood and lymphatic
diseases.
A
lay doctor, H. C. F. Meyer, "re-discovered" Echinacea in the
1870s, and within 20 years it became the most popular herb
of the era. Dr. Meyer was so confident in his claims that
he offered to "allow himself to be bitten by several rattlesnakes
to prove the truth of his claims. Meyer claimed to know of
over 600 cases in which his remedy had not failed to cure
rattlesnake bites." (Echinacea: Nature's Immune Enhancer,
Stephen Foster, 1991)
Results of archeological digs indicate that
Native Americans may have used echinacea for over 400 years
to treat infections and wounds and as a general "cure-all."
Echinacea has also been used throughout history to treat scarlet
fever, syphilis, malaria, blood poisoning, and diphtheria.
Although this herb was popular during the 18th and 19th centuries,
its use began to decline in the United States after the introduction
of antibiotics. Echinacea preparations became increasingly
popular in Germany throughout the 20th century -- in fact,
almost all of the scientific research on this herb has been
conducted in this country.
Today, echinacea is primarily used to reduce
the symptoms and duration of the common cold and flu and to
alleviate the symptoms associated with them, such as sore
throat (pharyngitis), cough, and fever. Many herbalists also
recommend echinacea to help boost the activity of the immune
system and to help the body fight infections.
General Uses
Several laboratory and animal studies suggest that echinacea
contains active substances that enhance the activity of the
immune system, relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and have
hormonal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. For this reason,
professional herbalists may also recommend echinacea to treat
urinary tract infections, vaginal yeast (candida) infections,
ear infections (also known as otitits media), athlete's foot,
sinusitis, hay fever (also called allergic rhinitis), as well
as slow-healing wounds.
Echinacea
works with the body's own defense mechanisms. According to
a 1987 paper by Brian Weissbuch, L.Ac., it contains polysaccharides
called Echinacins, which bind to cells and prevent pathogens
from invading. By protecting cells and preventing their breakdown,
it "counters the spread of pathogens and reduces inflammation."
Echinacin
also improves immune function by "increasing the chemical
recognition of an invading pathogen... the speed at which
the immune cells migrate to the site of infection and destroy
the invader is markedly increased." Weissbuch documents Echinacea's
"enhancement of native interferon production," which blocks
the "transcription of viral and cancer cell DNA, preventing
further infection and malignancy."
Herbalist
Jeanine Pollak, of Santa Cruz, California,
explains this process in layman's terms: "The immune cells
devour things that are bad for your body before they can develop
and make you sick. I think of them as little Pac Mans gobbling
up the bad guys."
Common cold
Two groups of researchers recently conducted a review
of the scientific literature to determine whether echinacea
is safe and effective in preventing or treating the common
cold. Both groups of researchers identified 13 high-quality
European studies including a variety of different echinacea
preparations. Nine looked at the effectiveness of echinacea
to treat the common cold and four examined whether echinacea
helps prevent this familiar health problem.
Most studies found that echinacea (when taken
at the first sign of a cold for 8 to 10 days) reduced cold
symptoms or shortened their duration. For example, in a study
of 95 people with early symptoms of cold and flu (such as
runny nose, scratchy throat, and fever), those who drank 5
to 6 cups of echinacea tea every day for 5 days felt better
sooner than those who drank tea without echinacea. Other studies
have found that echinacea reduces cold symptoms by roughly
34 percent.
Traditionally,
Echinacea was used to help heal insect bites, diphtheria,
typhoid, blood poisoning, and other diseases such as tuberculosis
that affect the body's immune system. The American Botanical
Council states that "Echinacea may be of value for any infection,
chronic or acute, but especially where there is not long-term
immune deficiency or dysfunction." (Herbalgram #30 supplement,
1994)
Today
we don't see much typhoid fever, but if you catch the beginning
stages of a sore throat, a cold, the flu, or an upper respiratory
infection, Echinacea can help to nip it in the bud.
Even
if you don't start taking Echinacea at the first sign of illness,
this herb can shorten the severity and duration of many common
illnesses. Echinacea keeps infections from settling deeper
into the body: for example, colds go up and out instead of
into the lungs.
Precautions
The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to
strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however,
contain active substances that can trigger side effects and
interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For
these reasons, herbs should be taken with care, under the
supervision of a practitioner knowledgeable in the field of
botanical medicine.
The American Herbal Products Association gives
echinacea a class 1 safety rating, which indicates that it
is safe when used appropriately (as instructed by the product
label) and with the guidance of a healthcare professional.
In Germany, use of echinacea is restricted to no longer than
eight weeks at a time. This is because after eight consecutive
weeks, echinacea losses its effectiveness and may even diminish
immune function. Regular users of this herb, need "break"
periods – namely, periods of time that they are not taking
echinacea in order for it to maintain its ability to enhance
immune function and fight infection.
Individuals with tuberculosis, leukemia, diabetes,
connective tissue disorders, multiple sclerosis, HIV or AIDS,
any autoimmune diseases, or, possibly, liver disorders should
not take echinacea. There is some concern that echinacea may
reduce the effectiveness of medications that suppress the
immune system. For this reason, people receiving organ transplants
(who must take immunosuppressant medications) should avoid
this herb.
In rare cases, echinacea may cause allergic
reactions ranging from a mild rash to anaphylaxis (a life
threatening reaction accompanied by throat tightening, shortness
of breath, and, possibly, fainting). People with asthma and
allergies may be at an increased risk for developing these
adverse reactions.
There has been one report of an individual developing
erythema nodosum (a painful skin condition) after taking echinacea
to treat the flu.
Despite concerns that echinacea may be unsafe
for pregnant or breastfeeding women, new evidence suggests
that the use of echinacea during pregnancy does not increase
the risk of birth defects or other pregnancy-related health
problems.
If you are currently being treated with any
of the following medications, you should not use echinacea
without first talking to your healthcare provider:
Econazole
Echinacea may be useful in combination with econazole, an
antifungal agent used to treat yeast infections (such as athlete's
foot). When echinacea is used together with econazole, recurrence
rates of these infections may be reduced.
Immunosuppressants
Immunosuppressants refers to a group of medications that
are used for two main purposes -- treat cancer and suppress
the immune system following organ transplant so that the new
organ is not rejected. Because echinacea can enhance immune
function, it is not advisable to use the herb with medications
in this class, especially for organ transplant.
In terms of cancer treatment, however, a couple
of test tube studies imply that echinacea may prove useful
when used in conjunction with cyclophosphamide, one medication
in this class. The idea is that using echinacea with this
or other chemotherapy agents that act as immunosuppressants,
may allow the cancer-fighting medicines to kill the tumors
while the immune system continues to be protected. If this
theory proves to be correct, then, echinacea could possibly
prevent many of the untoward side effects of chemotherapy.

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